Molecular hydrodynamics from memory kernels

The memory kernel for a tagged particle in a fluid, computed from molecular dynamics simulations, decays algebraically as $t^{-3/2}$. We show how the hydrodynamic Basset-Boussinesq force naturally emerges from this long-time tail and generalize the concept of hydrodynamic added mass. This mass term is negative in the present case of a molecular solute, at odds with incompressible hydrodynamics predictions. We finally discuss the various contributions to the friction, the associated time scales and the cross-over between the molecular and hydrodynamic regimes upon increasing the solute radius.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figure

On the microscopic fluctuations driving the NMR relaxation of quadrupolar ions in water

International audienceNuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) relaxation is sensitive to the local structure and dynamics around the probed nuclei. The Electric Field Gradient (EFG) is the key microscopic quantity to understand the NMR relaxation of quadrupolar ions, such as 7 Li + , 23 Na + , 25 Mg 2+ , 35 Cl − , 39 K + , or 133 Cs +. Using molecular dynamics simulations, we investigate the statistical and dynamical properties of the EFG experienced by alkaline, alkaline Earth, and chloride ions at infinite dilution in water. Specifically, we analyze the effect of the ionic charge and size on the distribution of the EFG tensor and on the multi-step decay of its auto-correlation function. The main contribution to the NMR relaxation time arises from the slowest mode, with a characteristic time on the picosecond time scale. The first solvation shell of the ion plays a dominant role in the fluctuations of the EFG, all the more that the ion radius is small and its charge is large. We propose an analysis based on a simplified charge distribution around the ion, which demonstrates that the auto-correlation of the EFG, hence the NMR relaxation time, reflects primarily the collective translational motion of water molecules in the first solvation shell of the cations. Our findings provide a microscopic route to the quantitative interpretation of NMR relaxation measurements and open the way to the design of improved analytical theories for NMR relaxation for small ionic solutes, which should focus on water density fluctuations around the ion

Exact direct correlations in the near critical region of CO2

Environmental concerns led to Green Chemistry principles, advocating for greener yet efficient solvents. Supercritical CO2 (scCO2) is a promising candidate due to its non-toxicity and potential for reusing CO2 emissions. It also offers a versatile range of properties, finely tunable by pressure adjustments. This adaptability is exploited in chemical industry processes (separation, extraction). Developing greener processes using scCO2 requires an efficient predictive tool for the solvation properties under different conditions. Existing parametric equations for solubility predictions depend on known experimental data, while molecular dynamics (MD) simulations remain expensive for studying various conditions. Both methods are unsuitable for novel technologies. Liquid-state theories offer a promising compromise, combining the microscopic modelling of MD with faster calculations. Among them, MDFT permits an accurate modelling of solvation properties if provided with correct correlation functions of the bulk solvent. Such bulk correlation functions can be exactly calculated from expensive MD simulations or from faster but less accurate bulk liquid-state theories. The construction of an accurate bulk liquid-state theory is paramount for the development of MDFT for scCO2. In this perspective, this paper presents a comparison of the exact bulk correlation functions in scCO2 obtained from MD with the predictions of the molecular hypernetted chain approximation (HNC), recently extended to include the molecular nature of CO2. If HNC fails to get the correct thermodynamics, it succeeds to reproduce the short-range structure. These results will prepare the development of MDFT as a perfect tool for investigating a wide range of solutes under various conditions

Exciton transport in molecular organic semiconductors boosted by transient quantum delocalization

Designing molecular materials with very large exciton diffusion lengths would remove some of the intrinsic limitations of present-day organic optoelectronic devices. Yet, the nature of excitons in these materials is still not sufficiently well understood. Here we present Frenkel exciton surface hopping, an efficient method to propagate excitons through truly nano-scale materials by solving the time-dependent Schrödinger equation coupled to nuclear motion. We find a clear correlation between diffusion constant and quantum delocalization of the exciton. In materials featuring some of the highest diffusion lengths to date, e.g. the non-fullerene acceptor Y6, the exciton propagates via a transient delocalization mechanism, reminiscent to what was recently proposed for charge transport. Yet, the extent of delocalization is rather modest, even in Y6, and found to be limited by the relatively large exciton reorganization energy. On this basis we chart out a path for rationally improving exciton transport in organic optoelectronic materials

Ultrafast Light-Driven Electron Transfer in a Ru(II)tris(bipyridine)-Labelled Multiheme Cytochrome

Multiheme cytochromes attract much attention for their electron transport properties. These proteins conduct electrons across bacterial cell walls, along extracellular filaments, and when purified can serve as bionanoelectronic junctions. Thus, it is important and necessary to identify and understand the factors governing electron transfer in this family of proteins. To this end we have used ultra-fast transient absorbance spectroscopy, to define heme-heme electron transfer dynamics in the representative multiheme cytochrome STC from Shewanella oneidensis in aqueous solution. STC was photo-sensitized by site-selective labelling with a Ru(II)(bipyridine)3 dye and the dynamics of light-driven electron transfer described by a kinetic model corroborated by molecular dynamics simulation and density functional theory calculations. With the dye attached adjacent to STC Heme IV, a rate constant of 87 x 106 s-1 was resolved for Heme IV → Heme III electron transfer. With the dye attached adjacent to STC Heme I, at the opposite terminus of the tetraheme chain, a rate constant of 125 x 106 s-1 was defined for Heme I → Heme II electron transfer. These rates are an order of magnitude faster than previously computed values for unlabeled STC. The Heme III/IV and I/II pairs exemplify the T-shaped heme packing arrangement, prevalent in multiheme cytochromes, whereby the adjacent porphyrin rings lie at 90o with edge-edge (Fe-Fe) distances of ≈6 (11) Å. The results are significant in demonstrating the opportunities for pump-probe spectroscopies to resolve inter-heme electron transfer in Ru-labeled multiheme cytochromes

Modeling of NMR relaxometry for monoatomic and quadrupolar ions in condensed matter

L'interprétation des expériences de relaxométrie RMN nécessite une modélisation précise des interactions entre le noyau étudié et son environnement. Pour un noyau quadrupolaire, l'interaction entre le gradient du champ électrique (EFG) émis par l'environnement avec le quadruple électrostatique du noyau est prépondérante. Notre travail a porté sur le développement du calcul des temps de relaxation RMN pour ces noyaux par simulation moléculaire. Nous nous sommes intéressés à la relaxation d'ions mono-atomiques en phase condensée à travers deux systèmes simples et réalistes : des solutions aqueuses d'électrolytes et des verres de silicate de sodium. L'EFG dé aux électrons de l'ion est obtenu en calculant la réponse du nuage électronique grâce à des calculs quantiques combinés à une récente méthode pour reconstruire la contribution des électrons de cœur. L'EFG dû à l'environnement est obtenu à partir d'une simulation moléculaire où les interactions sont décrites par un champ de force polarisable nouvellement développé. Les temps de relaxation obtenus en combinant ces deux contributions reproduisent correctement les résultats expérimentaux. Les simulations moléculaires nous permettent aussi d'extraire les mécanismes microscopiques. Pour les ions dans l'eau à dilution infinie, nous avons étudié les propriétés statistiques et dynamiques des fluctuations de l'EFG. Nous avons montré en particulier le rôle fondamental des fluctuations de densité de l'eau dans la première sphère de solvatation de l'ion. Cette thèse ouvre la voie à une meilleur compréhension des processus de relaxation RMN des ions mono-atomiques quadrupolaires dans des systèmes simples ou complexes.Interpreting NMR relaxometry experiments requires an accurate modeling of interactions between the nucleus under study and its environment. For a quadrupolar nucleus, the interaction between the electric field gradient (EFG) arising from the environment and the electrostatic quadrupole of the nucleus is preponderant. The present work deals with a new method to compute NMR relaxation times for such nuclei with molecular simulations. We consider the relaxation of monoatomic ions in condensed matter through two simple and realistic systems: aqueous electrolytes and sodosilicate glasses. The EFG due to electrons around the ion is obtained by computing the electronic response with quantum calculation combined with a new method to obtain the contribution of core electrons. The EFG due to the environment is obtained from a molecular simulation where interactions are described using a recently developed polarisable force field. NMR relaxation times obtained by combining both these contributions compare well with experimental data. Molecular simulations allow us to highlight the microscopic mechanisms. For ions in water at infinite dilution, we studied the statistical and dynamical properties of EFG fluctuations. We notably demonstrated the primary role of water density fluctuations in the first solvation shell around the ion. This thesis opens the way for a better understanding of the mechanism behind the NMR relaxation of monoatomic and quadrupolar ions in simple and complex systems

Modélisation de la relaxométrie RMN pour des ions mono-atomiques quadrupolaires en phase condensée

Interpreting NMR relaxometry experiments requires an accurate modeling of interactions between the nucleus under study and its environment. For a quadrupolar nucleus, the interaction between the electric field gradient (EFG) arising from the environment and the electrostatic quadrupole of the nucleus is preponderant. The present work deals with a new method to compute NMR relaxation times for such nuclei with molecular simulations. We consider the relaxation of monoatomic ions in condensed matter through two simple and realistic systems: aqueous electrolytes and sodosilicate glasses. The EFG due to electrons around the ion is obtained by computing the electronic response with quantum calculation combined with a new method to obtain the contribution of core electrons. The EFG due to the environment is obtained from a molecular simulation where interactions are described using a recently developed polarisable force field. NMR relaxation times obtained by combining both these contributions compare well with experimental data. Molecular simulations allow us to highlight the microscopic mechanisms. For ions in water at infinite dilution, we studied the statistical and dynamical properties of EFG fluctuations. We notably demonstrated the primary role of water density fluctuations in the first solvation shell around the ion. This thesis opens the way for a better understanding of the mechanism behind the NMR relaxation of monoatomic and quadrupolar ions in simple and complex systems.L'interprétation des expériences de relaxométrie RMN nécessite une modélisation précise des interactions entre le noyau étudié et son environnement. Pour un noyau quadrupolaire, l'interaction entre le gradient du champ électrique (EFG) émis par l'environnement avec le quadruple électrostatique du noyau est prépondérante. Notre travail a porté sur le développement du calcul des temps de relaxation RMN pour ces noyaux par simulation moléculaire. Nous nous sommes intéressés à la relaxation d'ions mono-atomiques en phase condensée à travers deux systèmes simples et réalistes : des solutions aqueuses d'électrolytes et des verres de silicate de sodium. L'EFG dé aux électrons de l'ion est obtenu en calculant la réponse du nuage électronique grâce à des calculs quantiques combinés à une récente méthode pour reconstruire la contribution des électrons de cœur. L'EFG dû à l'environnement est obtenu à partir d'une simulation moléculaire où les interactions sont décrites par un champ de force polarisable nouvellement développé. Les temps de relaxation obtenus en combinant ces deux contributions reproduisent correctement les résultats expérimentaux. Les simulations moléculaires nous permettent aussi d'extraire les mécanismes microscopiques. Pour les ions dans l'eau à dilution infinie, nous avons étudié les propriétés statistiques et dynamiques des fluctuations de l'EFG. Nous avons montré en particulier le rôle fondamental des fluctuations de densité de l'eau dans la première sphère de solvatation de l'ion. Cette thèse ouvre la voie à une meilleur compréhension des processus de relaxation RMN des ions mono-atomiques quadrupolaires dans des systèmes simples ou complexes

Accurate Quadrupolar NMR Relaxation Rates of Aqueous Cations from Classical Molecular Dynamics

International audienceNuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxation rates encode information about the collective and local dynamics around nuclei. Provided a suitable microscopic model is available, this allows investigating, e.g., the solvation shell dynamics around aqueous ions. Previous attempts with molecular dynamics simulations faced the double challenge of calculating accurately the microscopic properties governing the relaxation process, such as the electric field gradient (EFG) at the nucleus, and of sampling the trajectories over sufficiently long times. Here we show how to compute the NMR relaxation rate from classical molecular dynamics simulations. We use a recently derived force field parametrized on ab initio calculations and show that the EFG predicted by this force field can be used to accurately estimate the one computed by DFT using the PAW method where the electronic structure is described explicitly. The predicted relaxation rates for aqueous alkaline and alkaline Earth cations are in good agreement with experimental data. Our approach opens the way to the quantitative interpretation of these rates with molecular simulation

Collective water dynamics in the first solvation shell drive the NMR relaxation of aqueous quadrupolar cations

International audienceTowards accurate solvation dynamics of divalent cations in water using the polarizable amoeba force field: From energetics to structure Solute size effects on the solvation structure and diffusion of ions in liquid methanol under normal and cold conditions Using molecular simulations, we analyze the microscopic processes driving the Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) relaxation of quadrupolar cations in water. The fluctuations of the Electric Field Gradient (EFG) experienced by alkaline and magnesium cations, which determine the NMR relaxation time, are mainly due to the dynamics of water molecules in their solvation shell. The dynamics of the ion plays a less important role, with the exception of the short-time dynamics in the lighter Li + case, for which rattling in the solvent cage results in oscillations of the EFG autocorrelation function (ACF). Several microscopic mechanisms that may a priori contribute to the decay of the EFG-ACF occur in fact over too long time scales: entrance/exit of individual water molecules into/from the solvation shell, rotation of a molecule around the ion, or reorientation of the molecule. In contrast, the fluctuations of the ion-water distance are clearly correlated to that of the EFG. Nevertheless, it is not sufficient to consider a single molecule due to the cancellations arising from the symmetry of the solvation shell. The decay of the EFG-ACF, hence NMR relaxation, is in fact governed by the collective symmetry-breaking fluctuations of water in the first solvation shell